Piece Movement:
King: Moves one square in any direction (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally). 
Queen: Moves any number of squares in a straight line (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally). 
Rook: Moves any number of squares horizontally or vertically. 
Bishop: Moves any number of squares diagonally. 
Knight: Moves in an "L" shape: two squares in one direction (horizontally or vertically) and then one square perpendicularly. Knights are unique in that they can "jump" over other pieces. 
Pawn: Moves one square forward, or two squares on its first move. Captures diagonally one square forward. Pawns can also be promoted to other pieces (excluding the king) when they reach the opposite end of the board. 


Special Rules:
Castling: A special move involving the king and one rook, allowing them to move simultaneously under specific circumstances.
En Passant: A special pawn capture that can occur under specific conditions when an opponent's pawn moves two squares forward from its starting position.
Promotion: When a pawn reaches the opposite end of the board, it can be promoted to any other piece (except a king).
Check: When a king is under attack.
Checkmate: When the king is under attack and there is no way to escape the attack.
Draw: A game can end in a draw in several ways, including stalemate (where one player has no legal moves but is not in check), agreement between players, or by applying certain draw rules (like the 50-move rule).